2005年硕士研究生入学考试英语命题预测试卷(三)及答案 英语, 硕士研究生, 入学考试, 命题, 预测

幽幽草

SectionⅠUse of English　　Directions:
　　Read the following text.Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（ 10 points ）
　　Most people who travel long distance complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 2 of your"body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3. The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the"wrong"times in a new time zone. The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.
　　Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore Ede had 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag.
　　A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans.
　　Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual's sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.
　　When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 19 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.
　　1. A. from　　　B. of 　　C. for　　D. to
　　2. A. eruption　　B. disruption　　C. rupture　　D. corruption
　　3. A. actions　　B. functions　　C. behavior　　D. reflection
　　4. A. formal　　B. continual　　C. regular　　D. circular
　　5. A. experiences　　B. possesses　　C. encounters 　　D. retains
　　6. A. signs 　　B. defects　　C. diseases　　D. symptoms
　　7. A. if　　B. whereas　　C. while　　D. although
　　8. A. agreeable　　B. available　　C. adaptable　　D. approachable
　　9. A. extensive 　　B. tentative　　C. broad 　　D. inclusive
　　10. A. devised 　　B. scrutinized　　C. visualized　　D. recognized
　　11. A. in　　B. as　　C. at　　D. through
　　12. A. more　　B. little　　C. most 　　D. least
　　13. A. shed 　　B. retrieve　　 C. seek　　 D. attain
　　14. A. inB. for　　C. on 　　D. with
　　15. A. specific　　B. complicated　　C. unique　　D. peculiar
　　16. A. mode　　B. style 　　C. norm 　　D. pattern
　　17. A. directories　　B. commentaries　　 C. instructions 　　D. specifications
　　18. A. up　　B. off　　C. on　　D. for
　　19. A. or　　B. but　　C. and　　D. while
　　20. A. spur　　B. stimulus　　C. agitation　　D. acceleration
　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Directions:
　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）
　　Text 1
　　Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single term"polygamy", a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses.
　　Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the world's societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse.
　　In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women.
　　In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.
　　21. A marriage between several men and women should be called.
　　Apolygyny　　Bpolyandry　　Cmonogamy　　Dnot mentioned
　　22. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages,.
　　Apolygamy is the predominant form of marriages
　　Bmost of the individuals usually have multiple spouses
　　Cthere are usually a greater of proportion of men than women
　　Dpeople are not necessarily married to multiple partners
　　23. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which.
　　Apolygyny is not prohibited
　　Bone sex greatly outnumbers the other
　　Cmost people are undereducated
　　Da minority of people are very rich and powerful
　　24. According to the third paragraph, polyandry.
　　Ameans the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives
　　Bis a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others
　　Cis much rarer than other marriage forms
　　Dis often the result of women outnumbering men
　　25. We can infer from the last paragraph that.
　　Amany people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies
　　Bthose societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral
　　Cpolygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies
　　Dthe author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted
　　Text 2
　　More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his purpose can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.
　　It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a growing recommendation from his former employers.
　　Of course, we have no statistics on crime that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.
　　For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed.
　　Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.
　　All too often, their demands have been met. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.
　　26It is implied in the third paragraph that.
　　A. most computer criminals who are caught have only to have only to blame their bad luck
　　B. the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problem
　　C. most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimes
　　D. many more computer crimes go undetected than those discovered
　　27Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?
　　A. A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.
　　B. Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.
　　C. Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.
　　D. Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information
　　28What may happen to computer criminals once they are set free without being charged?
　　A. With a bad reputation they can hardly find other jobs.
　　B. They may walk away and easily find another jobs.
　　B. They will be denied access to confidential records.
　　D. They must leave the country or go to jail.
　　29The passage is mainly about.
　　A. why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment
　　B. why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspections
　　C. how computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers
　　D. why computer crimes can't be eliminated
　　30. Which of the following results that the computer criminals might get is different from other lawbreakers?
　　A. To be driven out of the country.　　B. To become a prisoner.
　　C. To commit suicide.                         D. To be recommended somewhere else.
　　Text 3
　　Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human being. Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain forest habitats. Relatively little has been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.
　　An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant, most distinctive feature——the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one third of the Earth's surface. Given that two thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean, the total three dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct species.
　　The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with 750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.
　　To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100, 000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvas of organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.
　　31.What is the main point of the passage?
　　A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.
　　B. There are thousands of insect species.
　　C. The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.
　　D. Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.
　　32.Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs （lines 4~6） ?
　　A. They are approximately the same size. 　　B. They share many similar species.
　　C. Most of their inhabitants require water. 　D. Both have many different forms of life.
　　33.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are.
　　A. insects 　　B. bacteria　　C. mammals 　　D. birds
　　34.The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the rain forests because.
　　A. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea
　　B. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions
　　C. many insect species are too small to divide into categories
　　D. marine life forms reproduce at a faster rate
　　35.Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?
　　A.Ocean life in highly adaptive.
　　B.More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.
　　C.Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
　　D.The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.
　　Text 4
　　Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values. In all cultures, parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community's moral precepts. Adults also condition each other's observance of social norms, using methods ranging from mild forms of censure, such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark, to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous. The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment. Faced with increasing violence at home, many Americans endorsed Singapore's use of corporal punishment to maintain social order. Was Fay's punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown, but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.
　　The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them. The Gusii of Kenya, with a history of tribal warfare, face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces, including wild animals. Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
　　In contrast, the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca, Mexico, are a highly cohesive community, with little internal conflict, and social norms that encourage cooperation. Their social patterns appear adaptive, for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans, who control the official government and many economic resources in their region. The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children. Rather, they tend to rely on soothing persuasion. Social ostracism is the most feared punishment, and social ties within the community are very strong, so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
　　In the United States, fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior, especially in small communities. Today, even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime, especially violent crime. Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment, another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had, so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
　　36. The best title of this passage would be.
　　ACrime and Punishment
　　BReward and Punishment
　　CSocial Order
　　DTwo Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca
　　37. According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?
　　AChildren must be obedient to their parents.
　　BPeople must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.
　　CPeople should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.
　　DPeople should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.
　　38. What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?
　　AMany Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.
　　BThe American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.
　　CThe caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.
　　DMichael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.
　　39. What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?
　　ATo stop giving them pocket money.
　　BTo persuade them in a gentle way.
　　CTo verbally humiliate them.
　　DTo threaten to expel them from the home.
　　40. The word"stigma"（fourth paragraph） most probably means.
　　AironyBverbal abuseCpersuasionDbad reputation
　　Part B
　　Directions:
　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
　　I had a man tell me that the problem women have is that we get more hung up on a man's words than we do their actions. He meant that we don't always see if a man walks his talk. We get all caught up in the words, and ignore the value of his actions.
　　How many of us get snowballed by what a man says to us? 41）__________________.But how many of us actually put more weight or at least equal weight on what they display for actions? I'd venture to say not many of us.
　　And why do we do that? That is the real question. Perhaps some of us just get so caught up in the fact that a man is merely talking to begin with. And even more so the fact that they are talking to us. How many of us walk around life starving from lack of conversation, stimulating conversation, with a man?
　　When we first meet someone we are intrigued by what makes them click how they view life. We compare interests and goals. We even analyze whether or not we can see ourselves sharing our life with them. 42）________________________.
　　So why don't we look at a man's actions? Probably because very few actions mirror the words we hear. 43）_______________________________________.Does that make us terrible people? No, but it sure does make us feel like a fool at times.
　　Another man told me the secret men know what women want to hear so they tell us, in order for them to get what it is they want. I don't know if it's that calculated, but it would make some sense, even if it's instinctual.
　　If we were to start judging a man by his words and actions, what would be the outcome? For me, the outcome would be sweet. 44） ___________________________.
　　And who let me down? Me I am the one that rationalized why they never called me, or sent me flowers, or sent me love notes, or just plain put in as much effort as I did. I settled and that hurt me in the end.
　　So what have I done about it? 45）__________________________________________.I look to see the connection in a man's actions. Are they putting as much of an effort into the relationship? Do I feel that they really feel what they say they are feeling? And to a fault, I am skeptical at best that they truly mean what they say. Our best ally is our gut feeling and we are very guilty of ignoring it. When we ignore it we are destined to get hurt.
　　[A]We like the way their words make us feel. And only after the relationship is over do we realize that we were fools in taking only what they said to us.
　　[B]Well it's still a practicing effort, but I don't just listen to what a man says.
　　[C]I've seen women that only give as much as they receive from a man, they never share more than what is shared with them, and they never let a man know how they truly feel.
　　[D]Let's face it as women we crave conversation. The saying that we never run out of something to talk about is accurate. We always have something to say and want someone to listen.
　　[E]I wouldn't feel disappointed or used, less naive, and more respected. I can say that every time I've valued only the words I heard was the times that I was let down.
　　[F]I know only one way to be up front, open, and loving.
　　[G]All those sweet nothings he whispers, the perfect comment at the perfect moment, and the feelings those words give us.
　　Part C
　　Directions:
　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）
　　In short, agreement on the causes and remedies for global financial contagion （接触传染病）is limited. 46） As a result, the world is pursuing what the experts call"architectural reform"at a distinctly measured pace that is typical of the international financial system. The U.S., in particular, is eager to avoid what it deems （认为） to be hastily crafted solutions that might destabilize a growing but still fragile world economy. It's an approach to reform that looks more like a plumber fixing leaky pipes than an architect trying to devise a grandiose （宏伟的） new world order. 47） But until a broad international consensus does form, U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers, like his predecessor, Robert Rubin, is likely to pursue a cautious, incremental （渐进） strategy, which a U.S. Treasury official calls a financial version of the Hippocratic oath:"…at least, to do no harm."
　　The Summers Rubin approach does seem to be working, at least for now. Little more than a year ago, as the world teetered（濒临）on a financial precipice（悬崖峭壁）, the duo （Summers was then Rubin's deputy ）worked closely with Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan to maintain the strength of the U.S. economy. 48）Their efforts fueled a spending bings（购买热）by American consumers, who snapped up exports not only from hard hit emerging markets but also from recession bound Japan as well as Europe, where growth had slowed. Wall Street stock markets surged, while the U.S. racked up record trade deficits. The trade imbalance is headed for more than $ 300 billion by year's end, far above last year's record $ 220 billion.
　　All that spending is at last helping to generate renewed growth in many parts of the world. 49） The Asian Development Bank has announced that 14 developing countries in the region, after recording growth of just 1% in the final quarter of 1998, had a"substantial"4.8% jump in gross domestic production in the first quarter of this year."In just a few short months, Asia has made great strides in recovering from the worst economic crisis in a generation,"said Myoung Ho Shin, an ADB official."Industrial production and exports in most of the crisis-affected economies are on the rise, and in many cases capital outflows have reversed."
　　Other emerging markets are also doing much better than expected even a few months ago.
　　The trouble is that the recovery remains fragile. Most of the improvement has come not from much needed economic reforms but from government pump priming. 50） Result: in Asia each of the five nations hit hardest by the crisis is expected to run a budget deficit equivalent to more than 5% of GDP by the year 2000.
　　Section Ⅲ Writing
　　Part A
　　51.Directions:
　　You are writing to your grandparents to give your apologize that you cann't visit them in the summer vacation as you have planned. The letter mainly includes:
　　1）tell them that you can't go for the social research task
　　2）say sorry that you can't keep your words
　　3）a good wish to them
　　You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jack" instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）
　　Part B
　　52.Directions:
　　Direction: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to
　　1）describe the picture and interpret the picture's meaning
　　2）give your comments on the phenomenon
　　3）suggest counter measures
　　You should write about 200 words neatly.
　　SectionⅠUse of English
　　1.D.to
　　这是一道短语固定搭配题。词组be prone to （do） sth.的含义是“有……的倾向，易于……”。例如：This part of the road is prone to accidents.这段道路容易出事故。
　　2.B.disruption
　　A项eruption的意思是“（火山）喷发，出疹子”。B项disruption意为“破坏，混乱”；C项rupture意为“破裂，裂开”；D项corruption含义为“腐败”。原句意为“这实际上是由你体内生物钟紊乱造成的”。
　　3.B.functions
　　原句意为：“生物钟是指控制生理功能时间的脑细胞群。”A项action为“行为，行动”，通常指具体的“作为”。B项function可以指人体，或者是机器的“运转，发挥功效”。C项behavior为“举止，行为”，侧重于人们行事的方式。D项reflection意为“反射，沉思”，显然和本句意思不符。
　　4.C.regular
　　原句意为“体内的生物钟是根据日夜规律的交替而设计的”。A项formal：形式的；正式的。B项continual：持续的，不断的。D项circular：圆形的，循环的。用来形容日夜交替的rhythm（节律）的自然是C项最合适。
　　5.C.encounters
　　原句意为：“它（生物钟）到了一个新的时区，经历了时间错乱的白天和黑夜，就会失去平衡。”其中A项experiences侧重于“主观的经历和感受”，主语多为人。B项possess“拥有”和D项retain“保留，保持”放在上下文中都不通。
　　6.D.symptoms
　　“因跨越时区而导致的不适症状通常会持续数天”。首先，这种不适并不属于疾病的范畴，因此C项可以排除。A项sign意为“标志”，“迹象，征兆”。例如：There are no signs of life about the house.这房子没有有人住的迹象。B项defect通常指事物“固有的”、“先天的”缺陷。例如：heart defects就是指先天的心脏缺损。只有D项symptoms“症状”最符合原文。
　　7.C.while
　　文中该处的意思是“时差反应的症状常常会持续数天，在这期间，体内的生物钟也在慢慢适应新的时区”。可以看出，其中两个分句的动作是同时进行的。因此应选C项while“当……的时候”。
　　8.B.available
　　原文意为“现在有了一种新的防止时差反应的方法”。B项available“可用的，有效的”是惟一符合上下文的选项。A项agreeable“令人愉快的，惬意的”；C项adaptable“适应性强的”；D项approachable“可接近的，平易近人的”，均不符合题意。
　　9.B.tentative
　　首先可以排除C项和D项。因为broad侧重“宽阔的”，“概括的”，inclusive意为“包括的”，用来修饰pioneering scientific research显然都不合适。此外我们注意到，extensive意为“广泛的，大量的”，显然和文中所给出的pioneering“前卫的，创新的”不符合。因此只有B项tentative“试探的，实验性的”和上下文最贴切。
　　10.A.devised
　　原句大意为“马丁博士想出了一种调节生物钟的实用策略，以使其更快地适应新的时区”。显然，A项devised“设计，发明，想出某个计划”是惟一正确的选项。其余选项分别意为：B项scrutinize“细看，细阅，仔细检查”；C项visualize“使可见，使形象化，设想”；D项recognize“认出，认可”。
　　11.D.through
　　通过原文可知，此处需填入表示“通过”、“凭借”的介词。四个选项中只有D项through符合要求。
　　12.C.most
　　本句意为“跨越时区成了一件容易的事，而且能够消除绝大多数由于时差反应带来的不适”。most不是最高级，此处它用作形容词表示“大多数的”。
　　13.C.seek
　　显然此处应该填入一个动词avoid的反义词。作者介绍说，要想成功地调适生理节律以适应不同时区的转换，有两种办法：或者是避免，或者是主动寻求光照。A项shed“流出，散发”；B项retrieve“寻回，找回”；C项seek“主动寻求”；D项attain“达到，完成，获得”。C项是最符合要求的反义词。
　　14.B.for
　　此处用介词for表示“用途”，“目的”。
　　15.A.specific
　　从原文上下文可知，此处需填入一个和individual“个人的”含义相仿的形容词。其中首先可以排除的是B项complicated“复杂的”，因为它与原文毫无关系；C项unique表示“独一无二的，无双的”，侧重于事物鲜明的，有别其他事物的个体特征；D项peculiar除“特别的，独具的”含义之外，往往侧重“奇怪的，怪异的”，带有贬义；而A项specific可以用来表示“特定的，具体的”。用在此处最贴切。此外specific其他的意思为：“详细而精确的；明确的；详尽的；清楚的”。例如：I want a specific answer.我想要一个明确的回答。还有“特殊的；特种的；特定的”之意。例如：specific gravity比重。
　　16.D.pattern
　　pattern往往被用来表示行为的“惯势”，强调行为的“习惯”和“规律性”。“睡眠的节律”显然用这个词最合适。A项mode意为“方式”。例如：mode of life生活方式，意思和B项style颇为接近。C项norm则意为“准则，行为规范”，显然不符合原文。
　　17.C.instructions
　　A项directory意为“姓名地址录，目录”；B项commentary意为“注释，解说词”；C项instruction意为“指导，指示，命令”；D项specification意为“详述，规格，说明书，规范”。显然C项最符合题意。
　　18.D.for
　　call up意为“召唤，打电话给某人”；call off意为“放弃，取消”；call on意为“号召，呼吁”；call for意为“要求，需要”。根据上下文D项正确。
　　19.A.or
　　原文在该句中表现的是一种并列的假设关系，因此应该选用连词or.
　　20.B.stimulus
　　首先排除的是C项agitation“鼓动，煽动，搅动”和D项acceleration“加速”，因为这两个词和light（光线）不构成搭配关系。剩下两个词中，spur意为“激励”。例如：We hope that these criticisms will act as a spur to increased effort.希望这些批评的话会激励你们更努力。而stimulus意为刺激物，显然更符合原文中用光线对人产生刺激作用之意。
　　SectionⅡReading Comprehension
　　Part A
　　Text 1
　　词语注释
　　monogamy n.一夫一妻制polygyny n.一夫多妻制
　　polyandry n.一妻多夫制spouse n.配偶
　　statistic adj.统计的prevailing adj.占据主导地位的
　　proportion n.比例preponderance n.优势，优越
　　outnumber v.比……数量多feasible adj.可行的
　　secure v. （本文中作动词）得到take precedence over有优先权；地位上有优势
　　disproportion n.不成比例ratio n.比率
　　immorality n.不道德compulsory adj.强迫的，强制性的；义务的
　　alternative n.可供选择的事物
　　文章概要
　　Para.1介绍了几种不同的婚姻形式。
　　Para.2尽管许多社会认可，并鼓励多个配偶的形式，但一夫一妻仍然是婚姻的主要形式，并分析了其原因。
　　Para.3一夫多妻多于一妻多夫的原因是生活中男人的主导地位，以及男女比例。
　　Para.4作者阐述了其对多种婚姻制度的观念，多夫多妻并不是不道德，一夫一妻也不是每个人都认可的。
　　答案点评
　　21. D文章开头介绍了几种不同的婚姻形式：monogamy：一夫一妻制；polygyny，一夫多妻制；polyandry：一妻多夫制（Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men.）并未提到群婚制。
　　22. D文章第二段介绍说，尽管很多社会都认可，甚至鼓励多个配偶的婚姻形式，但是这并不意味着在这样的社会中，这样的婚姻形式占据主导地位。因为婚姻形式要受人口比例的局限，因此即使是这样的社会，一夫一妻制也是最常见的婚姻形式。（Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form.）
　　23. B答案同样在第二段中：即使在不禁止多个配偶的婚姻方式的社会中，这样的婚姻形式只有在人口性别比例极端失调的情况下才大规模地发生。（Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other.）
　　24. C文章第三段提到，一妻多夫制相比起一夫多妻制要罕见的多。（Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny.）
　　25. A作者在最后一段中总结道，多个配偶的婚姻制度，正如很多其他文化的风俗习惯一样，并不像很多人认为的那样，是不道德的。我们所认可的婚姻形式，即一夫一妻制，并不是每个民族和文化都认可。在很多社会中，一夫一妻制仅仅是一种婚姻制度的可能性，多个配偶的婚姻形式虽然不如前者那么常见，但是也与之共存。（In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.）四个选项中，只有A. many people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies（很多人认为多个配偶的婚姻形式意味着社会的不道德），和原文的最后一段意思最接近，因为那正是作者所批判的一种对其他文化所持有的态度。B. those societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral是错误的，因为那种态度是作者所批判的对象。C. polygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies大多数社会都接受一夫多妻或者一妻多夫制，不符合文章原意。D. the author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted作者生活的社会认可一夫多妻或者一妻多夫制，从作者提供的背景来看，是错误的。
　　Text 2
　　词语注释
　　keypunch用打孔机打孔tip off给……通风报信
　　juggle巧妙应付（尤指为了欺骗）
　　文章概要
　　本文主要介绍了电脑犯罪被抓住但最后离开而且不受惩罚这种现象。
　　Para.1：许多人从事电脑犯罪，但被抓住后却能最后离开且不受处罚。
　　Paras.2-3：电脑犯罪被抓住但最后离开而且不受惩罚，即使偶尔有被抓住的，也是由于他们的运气不好。
　　Para.4：作者举出两个例子，用以说明发现计算机犯罪经常是偶然的。
　　Para.5：计算机犯罪和其他罪犯的不同后果。
　　Para.6：计算机罪犯不受惩罚而得以逃脱的原因。
　　答案点评
　　26D意为“未发现的计算机犯罪比已发现的要多得多”。第三段指出，究竟多少犯罪未被发现（go undetected），我们当然无从知道。我们目前所发现的这么一部分犯罪只是偶然发现的，并没有通过系统的检查，或采取其他防范措施查找，一想到这一点就令人感到不安。言外之意，我们的防范措施太差了，有多少犯罪还没有查出呢？所查出的犯罪是否只是冰川一角呢？所以，作者最后指出，被查出的计算机犯罪者也许只是运气特别不好的人（victims of uncommonly bad luck）。在第四段，作者举了两个例子，用以说明发现计算机犯罪经常是偶然的。
　　27B意为“公司通常对揭露计算机犯罪很谨慎”。第六段指出，为什么计算机犯罪者通常都会逍遥法外呢？因为公司的领导们害怕一旦公众知道他们公司的计算机曾被人动过手脚，自己的名声就完了（bad publicity）。犯罪者很可能在法庭上鼓吹自己是怎样在公司的领导、会计师、保安人员的鼻子底下玩弄公司最高机密的，一想到此，他们（对把犯罪分子绳之以法）就犹豫了。这样，计算机犯罪分子夹着自己需要的推荐信离开了公司，到其他地方继续进行自己的犯罪去了。
　　28B意为“他们离开公司并很容易地找到另一份工作”。参考上一题题解。另外，第二段也提到，如果没有人（定期）检查计算机（check up on），计算机犯罪很可能就查不出来，但是，即使是查出来了，犯罪者也可能逃避惩罚，并带着老板的推荐信离开公司。
　　29A意为“计算机犯罪分子为什么经常能逃避惩罚”。第一段指出，商业、政府、金融机构的运作越来越受计算机的控制，需要的信息只能储存在计算机的记忆库中（computer memories），所以，每个脑瓜聪明的人都可以根据自己的需要修改这些信息，为自己带来极大的好处。最糟糕的是：许多人这样做了，被查出了，但却丝毫不受惩罚就一走了之。第三句话引出了全文旨在说明的问题。另外，第二段第二句提到了这一主题，第五、六段照应了这一主题。
　　30D见文章中部的“Unlike other lawbreakers， who must leave the country……”，注意考点标志Unlike易考对比，初读文章时应该读出这样的“路标”，大致能够预测到可能成为文后的一大出题点。列举部分也容易构造如上的题型，是常考点。
　　Text 3
　　词语注释
　　appreciation n.增值，涨价diversity n.多样性；多种多样
　　ecosystem n.生态系统terrestrial a.陆生的、陆栖的
　　distinctive a.特别的，有特色的dimensional a.……维的，……方面的
　　comprise v.包含、包括、构成、组成constrain v.力劝、强迫（某人）做某事
　　category n.种类、类别、范畴phyla n. phylum的复数（动物或植物分类上的门）
　　abundance n.丰富、富饶assorted a.各种各样的，混杂的
　　bacterial a.细菌的sponge n.海绵、海绵状物
　　coral n.珊瑚larva（e） n.幼虫
　　starfish n.（单、复同形）海星
　　文章概要
　　Para.1人们写了许多有关陆地上的各种生物，特别是和热带雨林有关的丰富多彩的生命，但是却对海洋生物谈的相对较少，即使从生命多样性来讲可与热带雨林相媲美的珊瑚礁系统，也写得很少。
　　Para.2海洋的生存空间也许是陆地的100倍。包括90%的地球上的生物。
　　Para.3如果侧重于以纲、门等基础广义的类别，那么最丰富多样的生物就是海洋生物。
　　Para.4以一匙海水内包含的生物来窥视海洋中生物之丰富。
　　答案点评
　　31.C海洋中的生（命）物比热带雨林中的更丰富。全篇围绕这一中心展开论述……
　　32.D两者都有许多不同形式的生命。A项它们大小相近。B项它们拥有很多相似的物种。C项它们中大多数栖息者需要水。
　　33.A见第三段第一句：已知的一半物种栖居于热带雨林这一事实似乎并不令人吃惊，考虑到组成物种的主体大多是昆虫B项细菌；C项哺乳动物；D项鸟都与题意不符，故只有A昆虫为正确答案。
　　34.A海洋中存在更多的纲、门生物代表。B项昆虫大多难以做出有意义的区分。C项许多昆虫太小不能分类。D项海洋生命形成再生率较高。
　　35.B需要更加注意保护海洋物种和栖息者。A项海洋生物有高度适应性。C项海洋生物主要由植物构成。D项海洋对污染造成的破坏具有很强的抵抗力。
　　Text 4
　　词语注释
　　observance n.遵守、奉行、纪念censure v.n.责备、批评
　　vandalism n.恣意破坏公物的行为prompt a.及时的、迅速的、准时的
　　deprivation n.剥夺、贫乏、穷困soothe v.平静或镇定、安慰、抚慰、缓解、减轻
　　intense a.强烈的、剧烈的stigma n.耻辱的标记、羞耻之心
　　effective a.有效的（区别于efficient a.有能力的，能胜任的）
　　文章概要
　　Para.1不同的文化，使用不同奖励和惩罚的措施，来维持社会秩序，维护文化传统。
　　Para.2人们面对的危险和威胁不同时，奖罚也不尽相同，以Gusii为例，他们面对的危险不仅仅是外来的，还有来自大自然的，故他们有自己的标准来处理奖罚。
　　Para.3 Mextecans是个高度团结的社会，因此他们用温和的劝说来阻止攻击。
　　Para.4在过去的美国，人们十分担心自己的名字被沾染上污点，尤其在小地方更是这样，因此当时的社会秩序靠人们怕丢脸的心理得以维持。作者接下去说，但是如今，“脸面”已经不那么受重视了。人们认为，执法过程并不那么公平，而且就算进过监狱，人们也不再觉得像以前那么丢人。
　　答案点评
　　36. B文章的第一句话提供了解题的线索：Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.
　　37. C答案在文章第一段中：各个文化具有的相同点是：父母教育孩子要远离危险，并遵循该文化的道德传统。此外，Adults also condition each other's observance of social norms, using methods ranging from…成人之间也用不同的方式相互监督彼此是否遵守社会准则。这一点符合选项C.
　　38. DA项是错误的。因为原文说的是，美国人认为新加坡实行体罚来维持社会秩序的做法是正确的。（many Americans endorsed Singapore's use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.）B项是错的，原文没有说，美国媒体直到1994年才开始关注文化差异。C项不准确。原文并没有提到，受到鞭刑的Michael Fay从此不再破坏公物（Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown）。只有D项是正确的，因为原文说Michael Fay受到鞭刑后马上离开了新加坡。（the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.）
　　39. D肯尼亚Gusii族的女人会如何惩罚孩子呢？答案在原文的第二段中：Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning， food deprivation， and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment. （Gusii族的人更倾向于使用惩罚，而不是奖励，让孩子守规矩。一般常用的惩罚措施有鞭打，挨饿，不给地方住等。）
　　40. D文章最后一段讲的是美国社会的奖惩制度。作者说，In the United States， fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior， especially in small communities.从后面的内容，可以推测出，stigma是“坏名声”的意思。
　　Part B
　　答案解析
　　41.G根据上文，此处应填入的是What a man says to us的具体内容，G正是对比的列举，顺承上文。
　　42.D上文指女性比较看重人与人之间的交流、人生态度、兴趣、目标等。D项的Let‘s face it承上启下，对此进行评论，契合段意。
　　43.AA项讲的是我们喜欢他们的言辞带给我们的感觉，而只有当彼此关系出现问题时才会有种被花言巧语欺骗的感觉。E与下文呼应，是that的具体内容。
　　44.E上文说对于我来说，结果是甜蜜的，下文应是对此的顺承。E项第一句便说我不会觉得失望，符合文境。
　　45.B此处答案既应是对上文问题的回答，又应该与下文衔接顺畅。由备选项来看，B项符合。B项指出我不会只注意一个男人说什么，而下文便说我会观察他的行为。
　　文章大意：本文讨论的问题是为什么女性关注一个男人对她说什么而对其实际行动并不关心，作者对其进行了探讨和解释并表达了她的看法。
　　Part C
　　参考译文
　　46.结果，世界将以国际金融体制所特有的明显审慎的步伐对国际金融体系进行专家们所声称的“结构改革”。
　　47.但是在形成广泛的国际共识之前，美国财政部长劳伦斯·萨默斯很可能会像前任部长罗伯特·鲁宾那样，遵循一个谨慎的渐进战略。美国财政部的一位官员把这个战略称为像希波克拉底誓言那样：至少不要带来损害。
　　48.他们的努力激发了美国消费者的购买热，美国消费者除了抢购经济增长缓慢的欧洲的出口产品，还抢购遭受金融危机打击的新兴市场的出口产品，以及受经济衰退束缚的日本的出口产品。
　　49.亚洲开发银行宣布，这个地区的14个发展中国家在1998年第四季度经济只增长1%后，今年第一季度的国内生产总值‘大幅度’猛增4.8%.
　　50.结果是，在亚洲受经济危机打击最严重的五个国家中，估计每个国家都会在2000年之前遇到相当于国内生产总值5%以上的预算赤字。
　　Section Ⅲ Writing
　　参考作文
　　51.
　　Dear grandpa and grandma,
　　I'm sorry to write to tell you that I can't go to see you this holiday as I have planned before. I need to do a social research—go to the northwest provinces to look into their life style. The research would take a month. After that I have to put the mass of information in order and then study it to write a thesis. It would take another month, leaves me no time to go to see you.
　　I regret it very much that I can't keep my words and I'm letting you down. Hopefully, I would get more free time in winter vocation and go to spend New Year's Eve with you.
　　Grandpa and grandma, it's getting hotter and hotter now, please take care of yourselves and don't be too economic to buy fruits. Health is the most important.

Yours, Jack

　　 Jan.14th. 2004

　　52.
　　On Saving Water
　　A simple picture may reveal something that is not simple, and it holds true with this one. The man in the picture is dressed in suit and tie. Right hand holding a bottle of mineral water up into air, he is right quenching his thirst drop by drop. With much careful observation, you could detect that the man's face has chapped so badly that it assume the appearance of the desolate and barren soil. Of course, it will remind you of the shortage of fresh water.
　　We know, as far as our scientists have discovered, that the earth is the only planet in possession of water, which is of vital importance to mankind. It circulates through every vein of our body and makes up about seventy percent of the body's components. But for water, all the living things on earth would have perished soon. Fresh water is not inexhaustible despite the fact that the earth is capable of reproduction to some extent. Furthermore, due to the unbalanced distribution of fresh water, some areas are tormented by the scantiness of it. Maybe that is why bottled mineral water sometimes prices so dearly.
　　This inevitably raises the issue of saving water. But how can we put it into practice? In my opinion, the masses should be fully informed about the serious situation we face today because saving water is largely a spontaneous act rather than a forced behaviour. Only when the importance of saving water has sunk in, could people really treat it with seriousness.