Recent legal research indicated that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages(失败) of justice. It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as 1 as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the 2 of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence.
The Law Commission recently published an educational paper, "Total Recall? The Reliability of Witness 3 ", as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held 4 about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is 5 change, it should not be underestimated.
In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events, and judges and juries 6 its reliability. The paper points out that memory is complex, and the reliability of any person's recall must be assessed 7 Both common sense and research say memory 8 over time. The accuracy of recall and recognition are 9 their best immediately 10 encoding the information, declining at first rapidly, then gradually. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere 11 the original memory, which reduces 12.
The paper says 13 interviews or media reports can create such 14 . "People are particularly susceptible to having their memories 15 when the passage of time allows the original memory to 16 , and will be most susceptible if they repeat the 17 as fact."
Witnesses may see or read information after the event, then 18 it to produce something 19 than what was experienced, significantly reducing the reliability of their memory of an event or offender, "Further, witnesses may strongly believe in their memories, even though aspects of those memories are 20 false."
The first English settlers in North America were extraordinarily unlucky weather-wise, conclude scientists who have looked at centuries of climate data. Their analysis suggests that two-early-settlements reached crisis points because the colonists arrived during the worst periods of drought in 800 years.
The fate of 120 colonists who arrived at Roanoke Island on the North Carolina coast in 1587 has always been a mystery. A supply ship from England docked in 1590 to find the colony abandoned, with few records to explain what had happened. Two decades later, the Jamestown colony in Virginia reported thousands of deaths from starvation, and the settlers came close to abandoning their new home.
Historians have long blamed the failure at Roanoke and the problems at Jamestown on inexperience, ineptitude, internal quarreling and hostile natives. But archaeologist Dennis Blanton, of the College of William and Mary in Virginia, Williamsburg, noted that the Jamestown colonists wrote of the local tribes complaining about poor corn crops and decided to see if climate had played a role. He contacted David Stable of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville who uses tree ring data to study climate.
Stable's group studied cores from 140 bald cypress trees in Virginia, near the sites of the two colonies. They found that the timing of the unsuspecting colonists could not have been much worse. Jamestown colonists landed in 1607, during the driest seven-year period in 770 years, and colony medical records show a close correlation between the severity of drought and mortality. Roanoke Island habitants were even more unfortunate. Although their drought was shorter it was even drier, the worst in 800 years.
Blanton points out that the Jamestown colonists had counted on trading with the natives for food, and that they had brought copper, a metal prized by local tribes. However, the locals proved reluctant to trade in the face of the drought, leaving the colonists short of food. Drought exaggerated the difficulties between two alien cultures, says Blanton.
21、The first English settlers in North America were considered extraordinarily unlucky because .
[A] they knew too well about the climate
[B] they studied centuries of the climate data
[C] they arrived during the driest period in 800 years
[D] they arrived in summer time
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】C
22、Which of the following statements is TRUE?
[A] The first settlers of Roanoke Island nearly abandoned their colony.
[B] Unlike the Roanoke Island settlers, the Jamestown settlers met with serious starvation
[C] The Jamestown settlers were the first English settlers in North America.
[D] Few people knew what had happened to the Roanoke Island settlers.
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】D
23、According to Dennis Blanton, the real reason for the failure at Roanoke was .
[A]inexperience
[B]ineptitude
[B]hostile natives
[D]bad climate
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】D
24、Compared with Roanoke Island inhabitants, Jamestown settlers were luckier because.
[A] there were cypress trees in Virginia
[B] their drought was drier
[C] their drought was shorter
[D] their drought was less severe
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】D
25、The local Indian tribes were reluctant to trade with Jamestown settlers because.
[A] they themselves didn't have enough to eat
[B] they knew too little about the value of the copper brought by the settlers
[C] they had quite different cultures with the new settlers
[D] they considered the new settlers to be their enemy
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】A
Text2
In the early days of the United States, postal charges were paid by the recipient and charges varied with the distance carried. In 1825, the United States Congress permitted local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivers, but these carriers received no government salary and their entire compensation depended on what they were paid by the recipients of individual letters.
In 1847 the United States Post Office department adopted the idea of a postage stamp, which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay. Besides, the stamp covered only delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a private address. In Philadelphia, for example, with a population of 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to get their mail. The confusion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail. It is no wonder that during the years of these cumbersome (笨拙的)arrangements, private letter—carrying and express businesses developed. Although their activities were only semi-illegal, they thrived. And actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the government mail. The government postal service lost volume to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently even the business it had.
Finally, in 1863, Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary, and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery. But this delivery became a mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town having 10,000 people had to be eligible for free home delivery. In 1890, of the 75 million people in the United States, fewer than 20 million had mail delivered free to their doors. The rest, nearly three quarters of the population, still received no mail unless they went to their post office.
26、The passage mainly discusses.
[A] the increased use of private mail services
[B] the development of a government postal system
[C] a comparison of urban and rural postal services
[D] the history of postage stamps
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】B
27、All the following were seen as advantages of the postage stamp EXCEPT that.
[A] it had to be purchased by the sender in advance
[B] it increased the cost of mail delivery
[C] it was difficult to affix to letters
[D] is was easy to counterfeit
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】A
28、The author mentions the city of Philadelphia (para.2) because .
[A] it was the site of the first post office in the United Stated
[B] its postal service was inadequate for its population
[C] it was the largest city in the United States in 1847
[D] it was commemorated by the first United States postage stamp
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】B
29、In 1863 the United States government began providing which of the following to mail carriers?
[A] A salary.
[B] Transportation.
[C] Housing.
[D] Free postage stamps.
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】A
30、The private postal services of the 19th century claimed that they could do which of the following better than government?
[A] Deliver a higher volume of mail.
[B] Deliver mail more cheaply.
[C] Deliver mail faster.
[D] Deliver mail to rural areas.
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】C
Text3
The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases. There are about ten chemical elements which remain permanently in gaseous form in the atmosphere under all natural conditions. Of these permanent gases, oxygen makes up about 21 percent and nitrogen about 78 percent. Several other gases, such as argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, krypton, and xenon, comprise the remaining one percent of the volume of dry air. The amount of water vapor, and its variations in amount and distribution is of extraordinary importance in weather changes. Atmospheric gases hold in suspension (悬浮)great quantities of dust, pollen, smoke, and other impurities which are always present in considerable, but variable amounts.
The atmosphere has no definite upper limits but gradually thins until it becomes imperceptible (感觉不到的). Until recently it was assumed that the air above the first few miles gradually grew thinner and colder at a constant rate. It was also assumed that upper air had little influence on weather changes. Recent studies of the upper atmosphere, currently being conducted by earth satellites and missile probing, have shown that these assumptions were incorrect. The atmosphere has three well-defined strata (layers).
The layer of the air next to the earth, which extends upward for about ten miles, is known as the troposphere (对流层). One the whole, it makes up about 75 percent of all the weight of the atmosphere. It is the warmest part of the atmosphere because most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the earth's surface which warms the air immediately surrounding it. A steady decrease of temperature with increasing elevation is a most striking characteristic. The upper layers are colder because of their greater distance from the earth's surface and rapid radiation of heat into space. The temperature within the troposphere decreases about 3.5 degrees per 1,000 feet increase in altitude. Within the troposphere, wind and air currents distribute heat and moisture. Strong winds, called jet streams, are located at the upper levels of the troposphere. They normally show a wave shaped pattern and move from west at velocity of 150 mph, but velocity as high as 400 mph have been noted. The influences of changing locations and strengths of jet streams upon weather conditions and patterns are no doubt considerable. Current intensive research may eventually rebel their true significance.
Above the troposphere to a height of about 50 miles is a zone called the stratosphere (同温层). The stratosphere is separated from tropopause (对流层顶). Within the lower portions of the stratosphere is layer of ozone (臭氧) gases which filters out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer varies with air pressure. If this ozone were not there, the full blast of the sun's ultraviolet light would burn our skins, blind our eyes, and eventually result in our destruction. Within the stratosphere, the temperature and atmospheric composition are relatively uniform.
The layer upward of about 50 miles is the most fascinate but the least known of the three strata. It is called the ionosphere (电离层) because it consists of electrically charged particles called ions, thrown from the sun. The northern lights (aurora borealis) originates within this highly charged portion of the atmosphere. It effects upon weather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown.
31、A jet plane will usually have its best average rate of speed on its run from .
[A] New York to San Francisco
[B] Los Angeles to New York
[C] Beijing to Singapore
[D] Sydney to Tokyo
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】B
32、At the top of Jungfrau, which towers 12,000 feet above the town of Interlaken in Switzerland, the temperature is usually.
[A] below freezing
[B] about 42 degrees colder than on the ground
[C] warmer than in Interlaken
[D] about 75 degrees colder than in Interlaken
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】B
33、Studies in the stratosphere have been made possible by.
[A] meteorologists
[B] jet planes
[C] earth satellites
[D] study of jet streams
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】C
34、Life as we know it exists on the earth because the atmosphere.
[A] contains a layer of ozone gases
[B] contains electrically charged particles
[C] is warmest at the bottom
[D] carries the ultraviolet rays of the sun
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】A
35、The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is.
[A] The Makeup of the Atmosphere
[B] Studying the Atmosphere
[C] Atmosphere and Weather
[D] The Sun's Rays
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】C
Text4
There was a note on the desk informing me that Mr. Summer, journalist, would be arriving during the night. I was to show him around the factory, allowing him to see anything and anyone.
"You'd think," I said to Sid, who shared the room with me and who was resting his feet on the desk, "that I had nothing better to do."
He turned out to be plump. Mr. Summer and he wore an expensive grey suit. Over his arm he carried a new pair of overalls. As soon as he was in the room he smiled charmingly at both of us and shook us by the hand. Sid, ironically courteous, offered Summer his seat and himself sat on a tin can in the corner of the room. Summer immediately offered cigarettes. We only took one each.
"I hope," Summer began, "that I am not putting you out at all." He enlarged his smile and looked at us both steadily, in turn. "My idea, basically, is to look at industry from the other side. One has the management's point of view, of course. But I want to know how the workers feel about industry."
"Exhausted," said Sid. "Most of the time," he added.
Summer laughed. His laugh like his voice was steady and soft, discreet, establishing mutual sympathy and understanding. He behaved and looked like a visitor from a distant place where elegance was not the mark of a traitor.
"That is the kind of thing I want," he said.
Above the noise of the cranes as they passed the window we could hear a wail, beginning like one cat in pain but growing until it might have been in a variety of agonies (极度痛苦). Summer jumped in his seat and dropped his cigarette. The door was kicked open and Lennie, who had been making the noise, came in swearing. Summer could not hide his astonishment at Lennie's appearance, at the red hair to the shoulders, the lensless spectacles, the red, six-inch-long nose, the black, heavy moustache.
"Lennie," I said, "meet Mr. Summer, a writer for the papers".
"Thank God," said, Lennie, taking his spectacles off. Since the false nose and moustache were attached to them they also came off. He removed the wig.
Lennie was grey-haired and solemn-faced; his nose was still abnormally long. "Pardon me," he said to Summer, "I thought you were one of these fancy managers. No offence."
36、What was the purpose of Summer's visit?
[A] To bring information from the management.
[B] To check the efficiency of the workers.
[C] To find out the attitude of the workers.
[D] To examine the machinery at the factory.
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】C
37、What was the narrator's reaction to the proposed visit?
[A] He thought it would be a waste of his time.
[B] He was pleased to have something different to do.
[C] He was happy to assist the management.
[D] He thought it would cause trouble.
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】A
39、Summer's manner of speaking showed him to be.
[A] a stranger to this environment
[B] an inexperienced journalist
[C] a prejudiced reporter
[D] a man who could not be trusted
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】A
40、What does Lennie's behaviour suggest?
[A] He did not like journalists.
[B] He did not like managers.
[C] He wanted to surprise Sid.
[D] He was a cheerful person.
（本题分值：1分）【正确答案】B
三、单项选择题(每题2分，共10分)选择下列答案中正确的一个，选择您认为正确的答案。
English has become the world's number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language, especially in the Third World, people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities, if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. 41).
Nonetheless, a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education, trade and even politics continues. 42).
The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies, only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction(English)as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English，they are already knowledgeable. 43).
All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities, including education. From a psychological point of view, those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view，the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 44).
There is nothing wrong, however, in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one's native language first, then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language. 45).
[A] If this situation continues, the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities, particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.
[B]Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.
[C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English, especially your spoken English.
[D]But many people are concerned that English's dominance will destroy native languages.
[E] These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders' speeches because they are made in a foreign language.
[F]Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.
[G] A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example, it has wiped out Hawaiian, Welsh, Scotch Gaelic, Irish, native American languages, and many others. Luckily, some of these languages are now being revived, such as Hawaiian and Welsh, and these languages will live again, hopefully, if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them.
41、（本题分值：2分） 【正确答案】D
42、（本题分值：2分） 【正确答案】G
43、（本题分值：2分） 【正确答案】A
44、（本题分值：2分） 【正确答案】E
45、（本题分值：2分） 【正确答案】B 四、翻译题(每题2分，共10分)请将正确答案填入下面的输入框，修改无误后点“提交”
When offices are planned the attention paid to the correct use of space, and individual and company needs, is often totally inadequate.46)Bad planning can frustrate the manager and employee and reduce their level of performance. This is why so much research has been undertaken since the war into effective office planning.
There is a growing realisation that investment in people means that their needs should be thoroughly analysed and provided for. It has encouraged a number of office planning approaches. 47) The best of these approaches take into account not just the physical aspects of a building but the complex individual and group relationships which need to be understood before a plan is implemented.
A man's personal preference is always for his own separate office. Where this can be achieved it provides privacy and special advantages for him. However, it is quite uneconomic for most organisations to provide such facilities on anything but a limited scale.48) Moreover the corporate needs for good communications, smooth exchange of ideas and paper work, and flexibility demand a different form of planning. Preoccupation with rental costs has led in the past to open plan offices which in the worst circumstances are laid out in such a regimented fashion that the atmosphere is totally impersonal.
Nevertheless, costs must be faced realistically. Perhaps the best balance between the needs of most of the employees and the needs of the company are to be found in landscaped offices.
Developed in Germany in the late 1950s, landscaping, or Burolandschaft as it is sometimes called, seeks to achieve good communications and information flow by the correct juxtaposition of departments. 49) Its aim is to provide a pleasing working environment for all, coupled with economic use of space and the ability on management's part to alter office layout to cope with changes in working methods.
Ideally a floor area of not less than 6000 sq. ft. is required, generally in the form of a square or rectangle the sides of which have a ratio of less than two to one. Employees are grouped together in clusters, in accordance with a plan that takes into account work flow and desirable relationships across traditional organisational barriers. Such groups are identified and separated by movable screens. 50) An acceptable general noise level is achieved by careful acoustic control to provide aural privacy and mask intrusive noise.
46、Bad planning can frustrate the manager and employee and reduce their level of performance. This is why so much research has been undertaken since the war into effective office planning. （本题分值：2分）
【正确答案】 拙劣的设计会使经理和雇员们感以灰心丧气，并且降低他们的工作表现水平，这就是为什么战后以来人们对有效的办公室设计作了大量研究的原因。
47、 The best of these approaches take into account not just the physical aspects of a building but the complex individual and group relationships which need to be understood before a plan is implemented. （本题分值：2分）
【正确答案】 其中（这些方案中）的最佳方案不仅考虑到建筑物的自然结构，考虑到在实施一项设计方案之前就必须要了解的个人与整体之间复杂的关系。
48、 Moreover the corporate needs for good communications, smooth exchange of ideas and paper work, and flexibility demand a different form of planning. （本题分值：2分）
【正确答案】 此外，公司需要很好的交流、顺畅地交换意见和文书业务往来以及灵活的机动性，这就需要有一种不同的设计形式。
49、 Its aim is to provide a pleasing working environment for all, coupled with economic use of space and the ability on management's part to alter office layout to cope with changes in working methods. （本题分值：2分）
【正确答案】 美化环境的目的是为全体人员提供一个惬意的工作环境，同时既能经济地使用空间，又能提高管理部门改变办公室布局以适应工作方法之改变的能力。
50、 An acceptable general noise level is achieved by careful acoustic control to provide aural privacy and mask intrusive noise. （本题分值：2分）
【正确答案】 通过严格的音响控制可以使噪音保持在可以接受的一般水平上，从而提供幽静的听觉环境并抵挡外来噪音的侵扰。
五、写作题(每题20分，共40分)
51、（本题分值：20分）
You are writing your first letter to a 'pen pal'. Describe your previous studies and work experience, your current activities, hobbies and interests. Tell your pen pal that you will be visiting his/her country during the summer vacation and suggest meeting him/her.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.
Use“Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address.
52、（本题分值：20分）
The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1950, 1970 and 1990.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
