1．改变词类(Conversion)。英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少，充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。
Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
This issue is of paramount importance.
Rationing by points is over and rationing by the purse is in.
Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea”. (1990. 1)
2. 选词用字(Diction)。
Before Hugo could protest, he and the others were led away. （抗议—分辩）
Put a teaspoonful of tea in the pot and then you just add the boiling water to it and let it stand. （稍等片刻再喝）
It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. （憾事）
3．词序调整(Inversion)。一个句子中词和分句的顺序，英汉两种语言往往不同。如表示时间和地点，英语常常是先小后大，而汉语是先大后小。
His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19001, USA.
Don’t hesitate to come when you need help.
black and white TV, iron and steel company
4．省略(Omission)。
You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it.
It took him a long time to reach the bottom and to couch behind a little dwarf palm.
5．增词(Amplification)。英语中没有量词，助词，翻译时应根据上下文的需要予以增加。有些英语的不及物动词必须增加宾语意思才完整。
I could knit when I was seven.
In general, the “higher up” the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. (1993. 6)
--Walking past the Garden of Eden, Adam’s son asked his father, “Who owns that large estate?”
--“That’s where your mother and I used to live,” replied Adam, “before she ate us out of house and home.”
6．重复(Repetition)。
Practically every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part. 上游，中游，下游
If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral.
7．译反译法(Negation)
The Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people set on it. （辜负）
Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. （还有别人）
If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. (1993. 1)
8. 译法(Division)。英语长句多，为了符合汉语表达习惯，可将英语长句拆成短句。
It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.
Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. (1993. 6)
Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example by cheating, has to appear before a student court. (1990. 1)
