A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sound (语气), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.
Let’s look at this ___61___ in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, ___62___ distinguishes man from the rest of the ___63___ world.
Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by ___64___ of cries: for example, many birds utter ___65___ calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter ___66___ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. ___67___ these various means of communication differ in important ways ___68___ human language. For instance, animals’ cries do not ___69___ thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that ___70___ us to divide a human utterance into ___71___.
We can change an utterance by ___72___ one word in it with ___73___: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north”, ___74___ who can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, ___75___ means “danger!”
This is why the number of ___76___ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case ___77___ point; it has about twenty different calls, ___78___ in human language the number of possible utterances is ___79___. It also explains why animal cries are very ___80___ in meaning.
61. A) classification B) definition C) function D) perception
62. A) that B) it C) as D) what
63. A) native B) human C) physical D) animal
64. A) ways B) means C) methods D) approaches
65. A) mating B) exciting C) warning D) boring
66. A) identical B) similar C) different D) unfamiliar
67. A) But B) Therefore C) Afterwards D) Furthermore
68. A) about B) about C) from D) in
69. A) infer B) explain C) interpret D) express
70. A) encourages B) enables C) enforces D) ensures
71. A) speeches B) sounds C) words D) voices
72. A) replacing B) spelling C) pronouncing D) saying
73. A) ours B) theirs C) another D) others
74. A) so B) and C) but D) or
75. A) this B) that C) which D) it
76. A) signs B) gestures C) signals D) marks
77. A) in B) at C) of D) for
78. A) whereas B) since C) anyhow D) somehow
79. A) boundless B) changeable C) limitless D) ceaseless
80. A) ordinary B) alike C) common D) general
E1 Nino is the name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world. This strange 47 happens every five to eight years. It starts in the Pacific Ocean and is thought to be caused by a failure in the trade winds (信风), which affects the ocean currents driven by these winds. As the trade winds lessen in 48 , the ocean temperatures rise, causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.
The warming of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot, humid (潮湿的) air over the ocean causes severe 49 thunderstorms. The rainfall is increased across South America, 50 floods to Peru. In the West Pacific, there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia. So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods, other parts face drought, poor crops and 51 .
E1 Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 E1 Nino brought the most 52 weather in modern history. Its effect was worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion pounds 53 of damage. The 1990 E1 Nino lasted until June 1995. Scientists 54 this to be the longest E1 Nino for 2,000 years.
Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an E1 Nino will 55 , but they are still not 56 sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.
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