While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,‖modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
本句的后半部分是一个省略句,补全了应该是and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected.由于省略部分(黑体)与上一句的后半部分完全一样,它在第二句中被省略了。在阅读此句时,考生必须看到第二句与前一句是用and连接的并列关系,同时,还必须看到它缺少谓语。这样考生才能推断出它的谓语与前一句完全一样,并且被省略了。
3)英译汉试题的用词特征
英译汉所考句子的用词常常意思抽象,用法灵活。如上面题目中的词汇conforms to,modern practice,definitions等,意思都需要仔细斟酌。近年的考题中,出现了大量科技方面的术语和专用名词,更增加了理解的难度。如1998年英译汉试题中出现的cosmic clouds (宇宙云),the Big Bang (宇宙大爆炸理论),groundbased detectors (陆基探测器),balloonborne instruments (球载仪器)等。
Social science is that branch of intellectual inquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomenon.
“In short”, a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.”
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
这是一个主从复合句。主句表达论点,从句表达原因。从句中的not so much……as……句式在汉语句子中没有对等的结构,不能用“不比……多”这样的结构来翻译。这要求考生既要有准确理解英语的能力,又要有英汉两种语言之间的转换能力。这个结构只能用“不是……而是”这样的符合汉语习惯的结构来翻译。
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (2002:62)
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, ……(2001:71)
翻译本句,需添加“届时”一词来表达原文的将来时态。再请看:
But even more……, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. (1998:71)
本句官方给出的参考译文是:因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。我们认为,这个译文翻译的实际上是“for what they saw”而不是“for what they were seeing”,换言之,它不足以表达一般过去时和过去进行时的区别。
再请看:
……and digital age will have arrived. (2001:72)
有考生将其翻译成“数字时代将会来到”,体现的是一般将来时而不是将来完成时。
3.词的单复数,大小写等细节问题。请看例句:
Whether the Government should…… (1994:75)
官方给出的参考译文将the Government简单译成“政府”,不确切。定冠词the以及government首字母大写这两点明显表明此处的government是特指。本句前一句为“Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute”,可以确定,the Government指的是“(美国)联邦政府”。
再请看:
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (1994:71)
此处insights能否做“洞察力”讲?如果能,“洞察力”有复数吗?如果不能,它又当做何解释?
顺便说一句,not so much……as……引导的两部分是对应的,因此可以确定,此处的through与后面的because of同义。
注意词的单复数还有一个实际用途,就是可以比较快地确定代词所指为何。请看例句:
But even more important, it was the farthest……(1998:71)
under more favorable circumstances在更优越的条件下,在较好的环境中
to some extent在一定程度上
in every relevant respect在各相关方面
in action起作用
for the reasons given above由于上述原因
for the better part of a decade七八年来(译注: decade意为“十年”,the better part表示比五六年多,比九年十年少的概念,所以,译作“七八年”比较贴切)
2)词类转换
由于英汉两种语言的表达习惯不同,在翻译时有时需要进行词类转换。在英译汉实践中,词义引申或词类转换是常见现象。比如: outside the area of moral choice可译为“无须考虑道德问题”;extremists of this kind可译为“这类人持极端看法”。在这两个例子中,英文中的介词和名词在翻译过程中变成了动词。