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标题: 语法精讲——定语从句(二) [打印本页]

作者: 觉醒ing    时间: 2011-12-3 20:22     标题: 语法精讲——定语从句(二)

本帖最后由 觉醒ing 于 2011-12-3 20:25 编辑

                                                      定语从句

第二篇  关系代词和关系副词的用法

<一>关系代词

   什么叫关系代词?简单地说,它是用于引导定语从句的代词。我们之所以把引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,是因为它们具有关联作用,能把引导的从句与所修饰的词语联系起来。常用关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as,but等.关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。


      1who, whom, that,有时as也可用作关系代词。这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

   Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

   他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)


   He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

   他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:

   They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

   那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。


  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

    请递给我那本绿皮的书。


3which, that,  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

   A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

     农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)


   The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

     你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)


<二>关系副词

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when 表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因。

1when, where, why

  关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:

  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 

  任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。


  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

    北京是我的出生地。


  

   Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?


2that代替关系副词

   that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:

  
      His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。


使用关系副词应注意的几点


   1. how 不能用作关系副词,不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way 后表示方式:

  他说话就是那个样子。

  误:This is the way how he spoke.

   正:This is how he spoke. / This is the way (that, in which) he spoke.

2.关系副词whenwhere既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,但why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句,可用for which reason)

3.引导定语从句时,when 的先行词为时间,where的先行词为地点,why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason),但是反过来却不一定。如:

  Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。

      Do you know the house (that) he bought recently? 你知道他最近买的那座房子吗?
      Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。



   <三>关系代词与关系副词的区分办法

     方法一:
用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:

   (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

  (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

  (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

  (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

点评:习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二:
准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

    例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one

    例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

     A. where  B. that  C. on which  D. the one

    答案:例1 D,例2 A

    例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

    例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

  在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D

  而句2, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A

    关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)
先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)


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