(一)动词时态的一致
时态的一致可以分为下面几种情况:
1.简单句:当句子中有两个或两个以上的谓语动词共用同一个主语时,一般谓语动词的时态要求保持一致。
2.并列句:由并列连接词(有时可能省略掉连接词)连接的两个句子也要求时态上的一致,这类连接词有and,as well as等。
由but连接的并列句,后面的句子往往有语气的转折,时态要视情况而定。
3.主从复合句中主句和从句之间时态的一致关系。
(1)在宾语从句中主句和从句之间的时态的一致关系,通常由主句谓语的时态决定从句谓语的时态。
A.若主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时,如:一般现在时,现在完成时,一般将来时,将来完成时等,从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
B.若主句谓语动词是过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时,过去将来完成时),从句谓语动词也必须是过去时态。
a.如果从句动作与主句动作同时发生,从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。
b.当从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从句要用过去完成时。
c.当从句动作发生在主句动作之后,从句要用过去将来时。
C.当从句表示客观事物或真理,或人们已经公认的道理时,其时态不受主句谓语动词的时态的影响。即使主句谓语动词使用了过去时的某种时态,从句的时态仍然是现在的某种时态。
D.当从句表示并未出现或尚未实现的愿望时,必须用过去时态。
E.有些形容词后面可跟有从句,这种从句一般可看作宾语从句,其谓语也应与主句谓语的时态保持一致。可跟这种宾语从句的形容词有:
afraid,glad,sure,confident,sorry,certain,conscious,aware等。一致的原则与宾语从句相同。
例如:I’m confident that I’ll pass the exam.我有信心通过考试。
He was lucky that he wasn’t killed.他很幸运没有被杀死。
(2)在主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句中,主句和从句之间的时态一致关系所遵守的法则和宾语从句相同。
例如:It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained.看来这件小小的麻烦是由一个至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的。
It was known long ago that Professor Einstein played a key role in the development of the theory of relativity.人们早已知道,爱因斯坦教授对相对论的发展起了关键作用。
It was proved centuries ago that the speed of light is 186,000 miles a second.几世纪前就证实了光的速度为每秒186,000英里。
The fact that man would soon be able to visit the moon built up new scientific interest in earth’s nearest neighbor.人类不久可以游览月球的事实,引起了对地球最近邻居的新的科学兴趣。
(3)定语从句与主句的时态一致关系
A.若定语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作同时发生,则要求使用同样的时态。
例如:The original manuscript of “The Theory of Relativity” was written by Einstein who was then an employee in a patent office.“相对论”的原稿是由当时在一家专利办公室工作的爱因斯坦写的。
Almost every morning I receive invitation cards to visit exhibitions,on which are illustrations o
f the machines displayed.几乎每天早晨我都要收到参观展览会的请柬,上面印着展出的机器的插图。
B.主句与定语从句的谓语表示的动作如果不是同时发生,时态则不要求一致。
例如:Have you seen the new golf clubs that Mr.Stevens gave Bill?你看过史蒂文斯先生给比尔的那些新高尔夫球棒了吗?
I painted several pictures that are now on show in the museums.我画了几张画,现在正在博物馆里展出。
(4)状语从句与主句的时态一致关系
A.如果状语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作同时发生,则要求使用同样的时态。
例如:Immanual Kant was so regular in his habits that until the day he died people were able to set their watches by his actions.伊迈努尔?康德的习惯那么有规律,以至直到他死以前人们都能按他的行动来对表。
When Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States of America,he was completely involved in the problem of slavery.当亚伯拉罕?林肯成为美国总统时,他便陷入到奴隶问题的漩涡中去了。
B.由when,while,as引起的进行时,若主句表示的动作比从句表示的动作更引人注目,主句用过去时(或现在时),从句用过去进行时(或现在进行时)。若两个动作同样注目,可以都使用进行时。
例如:As I was walking along Main Street,a car mounted the pavement and crashed into a shop.当我正沿着大街走时,一辆汽车越过人行道,冲进一家店铺里去了。
While the child was playing with his toys,his parents were reading books.孩子在玩玩具,他父母在看书。
When I was returning home from school,a parade of demonstrators walked along the streets.当我从学校回家时,一队游行示威者从街上走过。
C.如果状语从句的谓语表示的动作和主句谓语表示的动作不是同时发生,则要使用相应的时态。
注意: 使用after与before连接的状语从句之间的区别在于:
a.使用after时,从句用完成时;使用before时,主句用完成时。
b.因为after与before两个连词本身已表示动作有先后,所以由这两个连词引起的状语从句也可以使用与主句一样的时态。
例如:The director had explained the details many times before the workers took the job.工头在工人们开始工作前把细节给他们讲了好多遍。
Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land forms that remain long after the glacier has disappeared.每一主要冰河期都产生特殊的地形,这种地形一直保留到冰川消失之后很久。
He did not know any English before he went to England.在去英国以前,他一点儿英语都不懂。
After she finished her work,she hurried to the nursery to pick up her child.干完工作后,她匆匆赶到托儿所接孩子。
(二)主语、谓语的一致
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题,可依据三项原则:语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则,总结如下:
1.谓语动词用单数。
(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词。
例如:To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。
Reading without comprehension is no good.只读不理解是不好的。
It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。
(2)事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例如:The United States was formed in 1776.美国于1776年成立。
The New York Times still has a wide circulation.纽约时报发行量仍然很大。
Roots is a novel about a black family.《根》是一部关于(美国)黑人家庭的小说。
(3)表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语,习惯上用单数谓语动词。
例如:Two weeks was too long.两周太长了。
Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是个小数目。
Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。
(4)表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如:Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.语言学是人类语言中的一个分枝。
(5)有些名词形式是复数,意义为单数,作主语时,要求单数动词。
例如:The chaos was stopped by the police.混乱被警察阻止了。
The news is a great encouragement to us.这新闻对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。
Her present whereabouts is still unknown.她目前的行踪仍然不明。
(6)主语是单数时,尽管后面跟as well as (以及),no less than (不少于……,多 达),rather than(而不是),more than(不止是,超过),but(除了),except(除……外),besides( 加之,还有),with(和……一起,和……一块儿),along with(跟……一起),accompanied by ( 由……陪同),combined with(加上),in addition to(除……以外),including(包括),together with(与……一起)等,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
(7)某些不定代词,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等,当他们作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例如:Each of the boys has an apple.每个孩子都有苹果。
Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用电话。
Everything around us is matter.我们周围一切都是物质。
但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。
例如:Is (Are)either of the boys ready?两个男孩都准备好了吗?
Neither of the novels is (are)interesting.哪一本小说都没意思。
(8)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时,动词用单数谓语形式。
例如:The government is made up of senior members of the four main rightwing parties.
这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成。
H
is family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大。
The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education.
我们学校的教员都反对教育体制的激烈改革。
The crowd was deeply stirred by his speech.他的演说深深地打动了听众。
(9)用and连接的成分表示单一概念时,动词谓语用单数形式。
例如:Bread and butter is our daily food.黄油和面包是我们的日常食用品。
Time and tide waits for no man.时光和潮流不等人。
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting.该校的书记兼校长出席了会议。
(10)用and连接的并列成分前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词也相应地用单数形式。
例如:In China,every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education.在中国每个儿童都有权利接受义务教育。
Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.参加托福考试的每个人都能在五个星期内收到成绩通知单。
Many a student and teacher has seen the film.不少老师和学生都看过这部影片。
(11) none(of+名词或代词)在正式文体中被看做单数,谓语动词用单数,但非正式文体中也可以用复数。
例如:None of us seem to have thought of it.我们中似乎没有人想到它。
“Is there any letter for me?”“Sorry,there’s none.”“有我的信吗”?“对不起,没有。”
None of the drivers has (have) turned up.一个司机都没有来。作者: 幽幽草 时间: 2007-8-18 16:37 标题: 2006考研英语完型填空语法之倒装与省略
例如:Only then did I realize the importance of English.只有那时,我才认识到英文的重要性。
Only in Beijing have I seen such a beautiful scenery.只有在北京才看到这样美丽的景色。
Often did we ask her not to be late for school.我们常常请求她上学不要迟到。
Many a time has he helped us.他曾多次帮助过我们。
(3) 用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或物)的肯定句或否定句中:
① 肯定重复倒装用:so
例如: They have all got up,and so has Jack。他们都起来了,所以杰克也起来了。
② 否定重复倒装用:nor,neither,no more。
例如:If you don’t agree to our plan,neither will they.如果你们不同意我们的计划 ,他们也不同意。
Tom can’t speak French.Nor(Neither)can Jack.汤姆不会讲法语,杰克也不会讲。
(4) 在下列以否定副词、短语为首的句子或句型中,形成部分倒装:
never,at no time(决不), by no means(决不),nowhere,in no case(决不), little,under(in)no circumstances,not only,neither,nor,no sooner...than...,never before,not until,hardly(scarcely,barely)...when...,not only...but also....
例如:Never before have I seen such a wonderful park.我从未看见过这样美丽的公园。
No sooner had I gone out than it rained.我刚出去,就下雨了。
(5) 用于让步状语从句中(由某些连词连接的):no matter how (who...),however,as。
例如:No matter how busy he is,he has to attend the meeting.无论多忙,他都得去参加会议。
However cold it is,he always goes swimming.无论多冷他总去游泳。
Brave as they are,they are afraid of fight.他们虽然很勇敢,但害怕斗争。
(二)省略
为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下,往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。
1.简单句中的省略。
(1)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。
例如:She is going to her
uncle’s (house).她去舅舅家。
Today I met her at the tailor’s (shop).今天我在裁缝店碰见她。
(2)there+be结构中的引导词there以及谓语be,或同时省略,或省略there。
例如:(There are)No gains without pains.不劳无获。
(Is there)Anything wrong?怎么啦?
(3)独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时,则多省去不用,意义不受影响。
例如:The meeting(being)over,we all left the room.会议结束后我们都离开了房间。
Books (having been)carried,we went to our school.拿着书本我们就去上学了。
(4)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to。
例如:Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.她的工作是照看孩子和洗衣服。
(5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be往往省略。
例如:We found the problem(to be) serious.我们发现问题严重。
He was thought (to be) the cleverest boy in the group.大家认为在小组中他最聪明。
2.并列句子的省略。
(1)并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语,不管它在句子中作何种成分,都可以省略。
例如:His father is a doctor,and his mother(is) a nurse.
They don’t go to the Summer Palace,neither do I (go to the Summer Palace).
His assistant is busy (in) correcting papers.他的助教忙于批阅考卷。
或者be busy with+n.忙着做某事。
例如:He is busy with his work.他忙着工作。
E. What do you say to+ing分词?(……怎么样?)
例如:What do you say to joining us for dinner?和我们一起进餐,你看怎么样?
(3)there be的非谓语形式。
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。
A. 作动词宾语时,通常用there to be结构,而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为:
expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等。
例如:We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind. 我们不希望有任何同志掉队。
They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。
B. 作状语多用there being结构,但若置于介词之后,for+there to be 整个介词短语作程度状语,其他多半用there being。
例如:There being nobody else at hand,I had to do it by myself.由于附近没有人,我只得独自干了。(原因状语)
It’s too early for there to be anybody up.太早了,还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)
There having been no rain for a long time,the ground was very dry.因为好长时间没下雨了,地面非常干燥。(原因状语)
C. 作主语时两种结构都可以,但如果用for引导则要用there to be。
例如: It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。
D. 作定语。there be 结构作定语时,定语从句中谓语为there be,there之前的关系代词常常省略。
例如:This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking.这是到南京的最快一班车。
I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。作者: 幽幽草 时间: 2007-8-18 16:39 标题: 考研英语突击战帮你搞定应试作文