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21.在翻译过程中如何进行词义的选择?
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意思。一词多义是说同一词在同一词类中,有几个不同的词义。词义的选择可以从以下三方面着手。
(1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义
经典例题26 the earth goes round the sun.(介词)
参考译文地球环绕太阳运行。
经典例题27 the food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.(动词)
分析:market可以既作名词又作动词。在作名词时,可译为市场、行业、需求等等。例句中的market是作动词用的,可以译为买,卖或销售,根据句中描述的情形,用销售更妥当。参考译文食品供应无法跟上人口增长的步伐,这意味着在粮食的生产和销售方面我们将陷入危机。(1993年真题)
(2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义
经典例题28 power can be transmitted over a long distance.参考译文电力可以被输送到很远的地方。
经典例题29 a car needs a lot of power to go fast.参考译文汽车高速行驶需要很大的动力。
经典例题30 explosive technological development after1990gave the medical profession enormous power to fight disease and sickness.
参考译文1990年以来,随着技术的迅速发展,医学界大大提高了战胜疾病的能力。
(3)根据可数或不可数来选择词义
经典例题31 after their interview,he compares not their experience,but their statistics…(不可数)
参考译文面试以后,他并不比较他们的经验,而是比较他们的统计数字。
经典例题32our journey to tibet was quite an experience.(可数)参考译文我们的西藏之旅真是一次难忘的经历。
22.在翻译过程中如何进行词义的引申?
引申是指从原词的内在含义出发,结合语境和译入语的表达习惯,在译文中对某些词作一定的语义调整,以达到忠实、通顺的目的。英译汉时常常会遇到许多单词,按词典上给的词义来翻译,译文就会生硬难懂,甚至造成意思上的曲解。因此,需对词义进行必要的变动,引申出能表达词语内在含义的新的表达方式。
引申既可化具体为抽象,也可化抽象为具体。
(1)具体———>抽象
经典例题33 were it left to an american to decide whether they should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government,he should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.参考译文如果让一个美国人决定要没有言论自由的政府还是要言论自由而无政府的国家,他会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
经典例题34 there were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.
分析:bottleneck本指瓶颈,由于具有使缓慢和阻滞的效果,因而被抽象地引申为限制。参考译文过去有过这种情况:移民限制极为严格,不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。
(2)抽象———>具体
经典例题35 while there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
参考译文几乎每个史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家们的观点都趋向于认为史学是试图重现并阐明过去发生的重大事件。(1999年真题)
经典例题36 when the jones were little,they were forbidden to set foot there,because of the revolting language and of what they might catch.
参考译文琼斯家里的人,小时候是不允许走进那里的,生怕学到一些下流话,或沾染上什么毛病。
经典例题37 all the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.参考译文那所大学的学生作出的任何越轨行为都会受到处罚。
23.如何使用增补法进行翻译?
英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换,又可能要在词量上加以增减。增补法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。
(1)词汇加词
1)增加名词
经典例题38 according to scientists,it takes nature500years to create an inch of topsoil.参考译文根据科学家们的看法,自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表面土壤。
经典例题39 from agreement on this general goal,we have,unfortunately,in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals,and from there to total inaction.
参考译文遗憾的是,过去我们在总的目标方面意见是一致的,但涉及各个具体目标时,意见就不一致了,因而也就根本不能采取什么行动。(1987年)
2)增加动词
经典例题40 in the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.
参考译文晚上在参加宴会,出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得草拟最后公告。
经典例题41 the cities utilize these funds for education,police and fire departments,public works and municipal buildings.
参考译文市政府将这些资金用于兴办教育事业,加强治安消防,投资公共建筑和市政工程。
3)增加形容词
经典例题42 with what enthusiasm the chinese people are building socialism.
参考译文中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊!
经典例题43 the plane twisted under me,trailing flame and smoke.
参考译文飞机在我下面旋转下降,拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。
经典例题44 what a sight!参考译文多美的景色啊!
4)增加副词
经典例题45 the crowds melted away.
参考译文人群渐渐散开了。
经典例题46 theory is something,but practice is everything.
参考译文理论固然重要,实践尤其重要。
经典例题47 he was fascinated by the political processes—the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics,the manipulating,releasing and leaking of news,the public and private talks.
参考译文一幕幕政治花招使他看入了迷:总统竞选活动中的勾心斗角,尔虞我诈;对新闻消息的幕后操纵,公开发表和有意透露,以及公开和秘密的谈话。
5)增加表示名词复数的词
经典例题48 when the plants died and decayed,they formed layers of organic materials.
参考译文植物腐烂后,形成了一层层有机物。
经典例题49 things in the universe are changing all the time.
参考译文宇宙中万物总是在不断变化的。
经典例题50 there is enough coal to meet the world‘s needs for centuries to come.
参考译文有足够的煤来满足全世界未来几个世纪的需要。
6)增加语气词
经典例题51 don‘t be childish.i’m only joking.
参考译文别孩子气了嘛,这只不过是开玩笑罢了。
经典例题52 as for me,i didn‘t agree from the very beginning.
参考译文我呢,从一开始就不赞成。
7)增加量词
经典例题53 a red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.
参考译文一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。
8)增加概况词
经典例题54 it leads the discussion to extremes at the outset;it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.
参考译文这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,使人们觉得要么就像关心自身一样关心动物,要么就完全不顾它们的死活。(1997年真题)
经典例题55 the thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.
参考译文论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。
经典例题56 we have got great achievements militarily,politically and economically.
参考译文我们在军事、政治、经济等方面取得了巨大的成绩。
(2)逻辑加词
1)增加连接词
经典例题57 could you imagine what a fool i would make myself without that sum of money on me?
参考译文你能想象我要是身上没带那笔钱,该显得多傻吗?
2)增加承上启下的词
经典例题58 yes,i like chinese food.lots of people do these days,sort of the fashion.
参考译文不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧!
(3)语法加词
增加表示时态的词
经典例题59 humans have been dreaming of copies of themselves for thousands of years.
参考译文千百年来,人类一直梦想制造出自己的复制品。
经典例题60 the high_altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
参考译文高空飞行过去是而且现在仍还是一种了不起的飞行器 |
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