考研英语真题——99年阅读最有价值篇 英语, 考研

幽幽草

99年Passages 3：
　　——建议同学们按照下面的文章主旨分析，认真理解本文：
　　段1作者指出：虽然很多学校急于在课堂上普及电脑，但其背后目的却截然不同，这个问题值得探究。
　　段2作者首先区别了职业教育（technical education）和义务教育(education required by law)，在末尾句批评到，“由于主张普及电脑的人混淆了这两种不同的教育，因此而往往过于强调就业因素，从而忽视了教育成效（educational achievement）”。

      段3作者首先指出对部分学生而言，职业教育有其合理性，如在欧洲地区，但对美国（our country）而言，一味地进行职业教育，甚至以为这种教育就能解决美国对各类人才的需要，则未免过于狭隘和武断了（presumptuous）。暗示，一味地在课堂上普及电脑从而满足就业需要在美国是不可取的，美国需要更广泛的义务教育从而满足社会方方面面的人才需求。
　　段4作者指出电脑技术很简单，只是各类学科知识的补充技能而已，学会它也不会化太长时间，由此暗示，在课堂上普及电脑不必急于求成。文章末尾的结论是：所有学校首先要了解自己的办学目的，否则不会迷糊中还能受益（暗示，学校的根本目的是义务教育、是让学生全面发展，拼命学电脑找工作是不可取的）。
　　——文章后面的问题也很有考究，尤其是问题1和4的题干及选项，既考查了考生对文章局部内容的准确深刻的理解，又考查了考生们对大纲词汇的把握程度。其实，这两个方面也正是考生们复习迎考的着力重点。
　　来源：恩波教育

幽幽草

这篇文章较难理解，同学们应该照我下列的三层思路疏通该文：

　　1.这篇文章的第一段是总论，指出科学与其它社会文化之间的矛盾很严峻。

　　2.第234段描述科学家们反击其它部门，斥之为反科学（antiscience）。




　　3.第567段则指出科学家们的树敌范围过宽，按文末哈佛一学者的话说，“所有那些烦扰或威胁那些自以为更开明的人（指科学家）的人”都会被贴上反科学的帽子。

　　接着再去思考末尾的问题Q62，答案选哪个？

　　Passage3

　　Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church of poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century.

　　Until recently，the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined，scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books，notably Higher Superstition，by Paul R.Gross，a biologist at the University of Virginia，and Norman Levitt，a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World，by Car Sagan of Cornell University.

　　Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason，”held in New York City in1995，and “Science in the Age of（Mis）information，”which assembled last June near Buffalo.

　　Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists，philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts，creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

　　A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well，from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

　　Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto，published in1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience，as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

　　The environmentalists，inevitably，respond to such critics. The true enemies of science，argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University，a pioneer of environmental studies，are those who question the evidence supporting global warming，the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed，some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many，quite different things，”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his1993work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”

　　62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is .

　　A. impartial B. subjective C. biased D. puzzling

　　这道题涉及作者对“科学pk其它文化”这个矛盾的态度。从第一段的开头就能看出，作者只是以局外人的姿态，指出两者之间的矛盾严峻，作者应该是中立态度；再者，根据上面对文章主题两层语义的分析，作者既指出科学家的反击，也指出他们的过火，换言之，作者的讨论是很辨证的，是客观中立的。综合起来，答案选A“中立的”。

　　能接受吗？同学们要学会正确地分析文章的主旨和作者的倾向，从而把题目作对。

幽幽草

再好好理解下面的段落，课堂上没有细讲，估计不少同学没有真正理解。看完后，查看后面的批注。

　　原文：

　　At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over for the late Steve Ross in1992.On the financial front，Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company s rap music on the grounds of expression.In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won t retreat in the face of any threats.”

　　批注：

　　At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin，56，who took over（接管） for the late（已故的） Steve Ross in1992.(1)On the financial front（在财经战场方面），Levin is under pressure to raise the stock（=share股份；bond有息债卷） price and reduce the company’s mountainous debt，which will increase to＄17.3billion after two new cable deals（有线交易） close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company，but investors are waiting impatiently. (2)The flap帽檐；拍打；慌乱不安 over rap（说唱音乐） is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression(依据言论自由为公司辩护). In1992，when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer，Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture，which deserves an outlet出口、排遣. “The test of any democratic society，”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column，“lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude纬度；（思想行动）自由，however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won’t retreat in the face of any threats.”

　　(以上段落从2个方面说明Levin面前处于风口浪尖之中，一是在财经战场方面，二是在关于说唱音乐问题方面)

幽幽草

平时，做完题后精读很重要，这是考场准确、快速做题的必备前提。

　　下面这段词句比较复杂，同学们要确保自己真正看懂看透，要理解长句的结构，要认识每一个词和词语（我配上译文，以便大家自我检测理解是对还是不对，尤其带色部分和划线部分）。
其实，后面命题者所设计的阅读题就是考查考生们是否能看懂这一部分。

　　The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large，impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class，an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century，America，Africa，India，Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital，and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes，and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.

　　60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .

　　A. the separation of capital from management

　　B. the ownership of capital by managers

　　C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes

　　D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business

　　有限责任公司和市政企业的增长具有重大的意义。这种对资本和企业的大规模的、不带个人色彩的操作极大地增加了持股阶层的数量和重要性，这个阶层是国家生活的重要元素，它代表了无需承担责任的财富与土地和土地拥有者的职责分开（持股者光拿钱，不承担管理经营责任，不像以前的地主，有土地财富，但要自己经营）；也与企业的责任管理脱钩。十九世纪中，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲以及欧洲都被英国的资本开发着，英国的持股者就因为世界的工业化而大发其财。Bournemouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇纷纷涌现，从而为那些凭自己的收入而退休的、大量的“舒适”阶层提供住处，这些人除了在领取红利或者参加股东会议对管理层发号施令的时候之外，与社区其他人没有交往。从另一方面说，“持股”意味着休闲和自由，这正好被后维多利亚时代的人们用来建设一个崇高而伟大文明（意思是：有一部分人休闲和自由，才能去进行文明的更多伟大的创建，英国也才更发达）。

　　Q60，答案为A，选项中的separation…from…替换了原文的detached from…而已。

幽幽草

再做做下面3题：

　　1．Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declared that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

　　If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

　　53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is .

　　A. very precise in passing his judgment on advertising

　　B. interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention

　　C. correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

　　D. obviously partial in his views on advertising

　　54.In the author’s opinion,

　　A. advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information

　　B. advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

　　C. there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

　　D. the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

　　2．

　　……………………………..

　　In this world of change and complexity，the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate，reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems，the critical problems of their business，social and family life，will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

　　62.We can learn from the last paragraph that .

　　A. it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

　　B. people should make the best use of the information accessible

　　C. we should realize the importance of accumulating information

　　D.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

　　答案分别为53D、54C、62D，要弄清楚它们为什么是答案；再想想62题的B为何不对？（B不对，因为末段并不是强调信息的利用问题，而是强调信息获取的重要性。 )