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提起条件句,英语学习者们首先想到其连接词if。诚然,由连接词if引导的条件句在英语中常见、常用。但很多表条件却无连词if的句式在运用中也屡见不鲜。现将这类结构的表现形式归纳如下:
1. 祈使句表条件的三种句式
a.祈使句+and+陈述句。如:
Sit back and rest(=If you sit back and rest),and you will feel much better.坐着休息一下,你会感觉好些。
Follow my instructions,and you won't get lost.遵照我的要求,你就不会误入迷途。
Work hard,and you will be successful.努力工作,你就会成功。
由例句不难看出,连词and前出现的部分相当于if引导的条件状语从句,而连词后的陈述句部分则相当于主从复合句的主句。这一形式,形为两个并列句,却在深层含义上存在着条件———结果的关系。
有时在口语中,连接词and常被省略。如:
Do it at once,you will never regret it.立刻干吧,你决不会后悔的。
Go and see for yourself,you will find I'm right.你亲自去看看,就会发现我是正确的。
b.祈使句+or /otherwise /(or)else +陈述句。如:
Put on your raincoat,otherwise you will get wet.(=If you put on your raincoat,you will not get wet)穿上雨衣,否则你会淋湿的。
Go quickly,(or)else you will miss the train.快走,否则你赶不上火车了。
很明显,这一结构的形式和前后句的内在关系同a句式很相似,即同为两个并列句,内含条件关系。只是由于两种结构使用连词的不同决定了a句式表示肯定的、顺意的条件关系,b句式表示否定的、逆意的条件关系。
c.祈使句+and+祈使句(and有时省略)。如:
Easy come,easy go.(=If money comes easily,it will go easily.)(钱财等)来得易,去得快。
Love me,love my dog.爱屋及乌。
Marry in haste,repent at leisure.草率结婚,事后懊悔。
同a、b句式一样,这一结构的第一个祈使句也表条件。省略了连词的这种句式常见于谚语和警句中。表达显得更加简洁,朗朗上口。
2. 名词词组表条件
其结构为:名词词组+and+陈述句。如:
Another £500,and I could buy a car.假如我再有500镑,就能买辆小汽车了。
A few minutes earlier,and I could have seen the famous scientist.要是我早来几分钟,就能看到这位著名的科学家了。
此句式与上述句式的唯一区别在于,其连词前表条件的部分是由一个名词短语充当的。在这个名词短语中通常会出现more,another等限定词以及形容词或副词比较级。
注:若and后的陈述句的谓语动词是过去的动作或状态,这种名词短语就不表条件了,而表时间,相当于when或after从句。如: Several minutes and he went away.(= When several minutes had passed,he went away.)过了几分钟,他就走了。
One slip,and she was carried away by the current.(=After she made a slip,she was carried away by the current)她滑了一跤,被激流冲走了。
3. 表条件的其它特定方式
a.条件句(带有must)+before +主句(带有can),即“must...before...can”译为“只有……才能”。如:
One must sow before one can reap.只有播种,才有收获。
A great effort must still be made before the ideals can be turned into reality.只有经过巨大的努力,理想才能变成现实。
b.陈述句(否定)+and+陈述句,即“...not...and...”=“if...then...
(not)...”译为“如果……就没……”。如:
You can't sell the cow and drink the milk.如果卖了奶牛,就没牛奶喝了。
c.let...+(and)+陈述句(常用于科技文体中),表示“假设、假定”。如:
Let anybody heat som ething to a suffi- ciently high tem perature(and)it becom es a source of light.任何物体加热到足够的高温时,就会变成一种光源。
d.Only +介词短语+can+主语+动词原形/Only +when +条件从句+主句。如:
Only after making an investigation can we have the right to speak.我们只有通过调查才能有发言权。
He learned the news only when she came home.(可转换为:Only when she came home did he learn the news.)只是在她回家时,他才知道这消息。
置于句首的副词only只起强调作用,而后面的介词短语或when引导的从句表示条件意义,意为“只有在……条件下才……”。 only放在句首则引起倒装。
e.分词短语/独立结构+主句
具有条件意义的分词短语是分词引导的一个词组,其逻辑主语同主句的主语保持一致。若分词有其自身的主语,则为独立结构。这类形式多用于科技文献。如果主句中的谓语动词用虚拟式的话,这种语句便成了含蓄条件句。如:
The book can not be interesting,judged by its contents.从内容上看,这本书不会有趣的。
Arranging chemical elements according to their atomic weights,we find similar ones at certain definite intervals.如果把化学元素按它们的原子量排列起来,我们就会在某一定的间隔处发现相类似的元素。
Weather permitting,we'll have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话,明天我们将进行比赛。
4. 省略if的条件句
a.一些书面表达的虚拟条件从句并没有使用连接词if,而是将谓语部分的were, had,should或could等移至主语之前,形成一个倒装语序结构。如:
Were you in my position(=If you were in m y position),you would do the same.假如你处在我的位置上,也会这么干的。
Had I time,I would come.假如有时间,我会来的。
b.Were it not for +名词/Had it not been for +名词,译为“若不是”,“要不是”,“假设没有”。如:
W ere it not for the debts(=If it were not for the debts),we would be all right.假如没有债务,我们的生活会不成问题。
Had it not been for air(=If it had not been for air),there would have been no living things.如果没有空气,也就没有生物。
5.非if的其它连词引导的条件句
条件从句的引导词除if以外,还可以是 when,once,unless,suppose,supposing(仅在问句中用),provided(that),providing(that), granted /given(that),so(as)long as,on con- dition(that),for fear(that),lest,in case,as if, but that /only that等等,其中on condition,for fear,in case后面还可跟名词或词组,用of连接。如:
When I have gotten my evidence I will come to my conclusions.要是有了证据,我就可以得出结论。
Suppose /Supposing it rains,what shall we do?(主句有时可以省略)假设下雨,我们怎么办呢?
Once you have promised you must do it.你既已答应,就一定要完成。
So(as)long as we don't lose heart,we'll find a way to overcom e the difficulty.只要我们不灰心,就能找到克服困难的办法。
Given /Granted that this is true,what conclusion can you draw?就算这是实际情况,你又能得出什么结论呢?
He managed to finish the work on time for fear that he might be punished(=for fear of being punished).因为担心受到惩罚,他设法按时完成工作。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty(=in case of any difficulty).万一有什么困难,请给我们一个信。
He rises early lest he should be late.他早起,以免迟到。
He would have started,but that /only that it rained.(but that +从句可置于主句前或后, only that仅放于主句后)若不是下雨,他早就动身了。
Susan is walking slowly as if she were tired.苏珊走得很慢,就像是累了似的。
6. 含蓄条件句
有时虚拟条件不用从句,而用介词短语、不定式、分词短语、连接词或上下文来表现。
a.条件暗含在短语中。如:
W ithout the sun there would be no life.(条件暗含在介词短语without the sun中)没有太阳,便没有生命。
I didn't know the extent of his difficulty, or I would have promised to help him.(暗含条件是连词or)那时我不知道他的困难程度,否则我会答应帮助他的。
This same thing,happening in wartime, would am ount to a disaster.(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)同样的事,如发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。
To hear him speak English,one would take him for an Englishman.(条件暗含在不定式短语to hear him speak English中)听他说英语,真以为他是一个英国人哩。
But for the rains we should have had a pleasant journey.(暗含条件是but for the rains,but for+n.相当于if it were for+n.或 were it not for +n.)若不是下雨,我们的那次旅行就很愉快了。
b.条件暗含在上下文中。如:
We would have succeeded.(可能暗含if we had kept trying)我们本来会成功的。
He would have come here,but he was too busy with his experiment.(暗含if he hadn't been busy with his experiment)他本来会来这儿的,只是当时忙着做实验。
You might stay here forever.(可能暗含if you wanted to)你可以永远呆在这儿。
这可是我认真给大家发的奥,希望能对备战四六级的兄弟姐妹有所帮助 ,谢谢,。 |
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